国产成人综合欧美精品久久_最新欧美精品一区二区三区_国产免费午夜A无码V视频_九九久久精品无码专区

　　農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統的(de)重要組成部分(fen)，農業(ye)(ye)如(ru)何發展事關(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)建設的(de)成效(xiao)。從目(mu)前我(wo)國(guo)農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統資源(yuan)(yuan)與環境(jing)承載力(li)(li)現狀來看(kan)，保(bao)障(zhang)農產(chan)品(pin)供給和改善農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)，是(shi)必(bi)須兼顧的(de)兩(liang)個目(mu)標(biao)。在保(bao)障(zhang)農產(chan)品(pin)供給與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)改善的(de)雙重壓(ya)力(li)(li)下，農業(ye)(ye)如(ru)何發展不(bu)僅關(guan)系(xi)農業(ye)(ye)自身，更關(guan)系(xi)到生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)建設的(de)整體(ti)進展。為此(ci)，必(bi)須用生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)理念指導我(wo)國(guo)未(wei)來農業(ye)(ye)發展，一方面(mian)要大幅(fu)降低農業(ye)(ye)資源(yuan)(yuan)特別是(shi)水(shui)、土(tu)(tu)地等基(ji)礎(chu)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)消耗強度，提(ti)高(gao)資源(yuan)(yuan)利用的(de)效(xiao)率和效(xiao)益(yi);另一方面(mian)要加(jia)強農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統保(bao)護(hu)與建設，特別是(shi)加(jia)強對荒漠(mo)(mo)化(hua)、石(shi)漠(mo)(mo)化(hua)、水(shui)土(tu)(tu)流失和面(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)污染(ran)等的(de)綜合治理。

　　加快轉變農業發展方式

　　從根本上改善農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生態環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，恢復并穩固農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)基礎，就必須轉變農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)方式(shi)，探索(suo)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)節(jie)約、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)友好的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)路徑(jing)。將資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)合理利(li)用與(yu)保護融入到(dao)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)應是未(wei)來(lai)我國農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)正確方向。

　　資(zi)源高(gao)效綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)是轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)式的基本要求。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)式要注(zhu)重發(fa)(fa)揮生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)的整體(ti)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，靈活選擇農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)構成內(nei)容，提高(gao)空間和(he)光能(neng)(neng)的利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)率，多層次利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)物(wu)(wu)質和(he)能(neng)(neng)量，達到資(zi)源高(gao)效綜(zong)(zong)合利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)。這(zhe)就(jiu)要求將(jiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)建成復合生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)。復合生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)中物(wu)(wu)種的多樣性，一方(fang)面為有(you)害生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防控提供了天然條件，從(cong)而減(jian)少化學(xue)藥劑的使用(yong)，降(jiang)低生(sheng)產成本，提高(gao)產品質量;另一方(fang)面提高(gao)了物(wu)(wu)質循環和(he)能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換的效率，實(shi)(shi)行廢棄物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源化利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)，降(jiang)低農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投入，提高(gao)經濟效益。在實(shi)(shi)際(ji)生(sheng)產中，要把(ba)種植、養殖作(zuo)為一個(ge)有(you)機整體(ti)，充分(fen)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)和(he)發(fa)(fa)揮他們所具有(you)的互(hu)補、調節(jie)、促進(jin)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，實(shi)(shi)現農(nong)(nong)(nong)業資(zi)源利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)的綜(zong)(zong)合效益最大化。

　　提升(sheng)資(zi)(zi)源與環境承載力(li)是轉變農業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)目標。首(shou)先，轉變農業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)方(fang)式(shi)使農業(ye)(ye)本身有(you)很(hen)強的(de)自凈能力(li)，減輕生(sheng)產(chan)活動對(dui)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)和資(zi)(zi)源環境的(de)干擾(rao)。其次，轉變農業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)方(fang)式(shi)注重恢復和提高農業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)源環境的(de)天然生(sheng)產(chan)能力(li)，減少(shao)化肥和農藥等投入品的(de)使用量，生(sheng)態退化和資(zi)(zi)源環境破壞能夠(gou)得到控制，并且持續得到改善。

　　拉(la)動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)型(xing)科(ke)技(ji)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)是轉變農業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)式的(de)(de)必然結果。轉變農業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)式要求(qiu)建立高(gao)產(chan)優質、高(gao)效低耗、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)保的(de)(de)現(xian)代農業(ye)，需(xu)(xu)要依賴于農業(ye)集成技(ji)術(shu)體(ti)系，如病蟲害生(sheng)(sheng)物防(fang)治技(ji)術(shu)與基因工(gong)程技(ji)術(shu)等高(gao)新技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合運用(yong)。在我(wo)國(guo)農業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)資源(yuan)約束趨緊(jin)、環(huan)境污染嚴重的(de)(de)形勢下，發(fa)展(zhan)技(ji)術(shu)密集型(xing)農業(ye)，能夠緩解農業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境的(de)(de)壓力。轉變農業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)式的(de)(de)核心就是推進(jin)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)高(gao)效利用(yong)和環(huan)境的(de)(de)無害化，這必然改變過(guo)去對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中資源(yuan)綜(zong)合高(gao)效利用(yong)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步要求(qiu)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)狀況(kuang)，拉(la)動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)型(xing)高(gao)新科(ke)技(ji)的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，進(jin)而(er)提升(sheng)我(wo)國(guo)農業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)整體(ti)水平(ping)。

　　發展現代高效生態農業

　　現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)資源節約型、環境(jing)(jing)友好型的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)模式，以可(ke)持(chi)續的(de)方(fang)式維持(chi)著“人類—社會—自然(ran)”生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系統(tong)中物質(zhi)和(he)能量的(de)循環與(yu)平(ping)衡。發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)必(bi)由之(zhi)路，也(ye)是(shi)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)領域和(he)廣大(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村地區加強生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)建(jian)設的(de)必(bi)然(ran)選(xuan)擇。目前(qian)(qian)，我國(guo)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)還面臨著一些問題和(he)困境(jing)(jing)。一方(fang)面，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)目前(qian)(qian)面臨的(de)資源環境(jing)(jing)總體狀況(kuang)不(bu)(bu)容(rong)樂觀。另一方(fang)面，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)同于傳統(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，還需要(yao)克服人才和(he)技(ji)術(shu)儲(chu)備(bei)不(bu)(bu)足、規模效(xiao)(xiao)益不(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)和(he)激勵保(bao)障措施(shi)不(bu)(bu)完善(shan)等諸多困難。因(yin)此(ci)，要(yao)轉變農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)式，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)，適應(ying)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明(ming)建(jian)設對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)要(yao)求，必(bi)須(xu)制訂并實施(shi)科學的(de)對策措施(shi)。

　　其一，加(jia)大資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環境與(yu)(yu)(yu)生態(tai)系統的(de)恢復與(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)力度。農業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環境與(yu)(yu)(yu)生態(tai)系統問題主要(yao)表現在(zai)兩方(fang)面(mian)：一是(shi)(shi)耕地和水源(yuan)(yuan)等重要(yao)農業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)總量的(de)減少，限制了農業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)空間;二(er)是(shi)(shi)農業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)農村生態(tai)環境總體狀況(kuang)堪憂，降(jiang)低(di)了農業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)質量。解決這兩方(fang)面(mian)的(de)問題不能只從農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)門(men)內部(bu)尋找出(chu)路，而應以我國(guo)總體資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環境與(yu)(yu)(yu)生態(tai)系統為對象開展(zhan)綜合恢復與(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)行(xing)動，夯實生態(tai)農業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)所依(yi)賴(lai)的(de)基礎(chu)。為此，必(bi)須采(cai)取有力措施，加(jia)快資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)環境與(yu)(yu)(yu)生態(tai)系統的(de)持續改善步伐。

　　其二(er)，集(ji)成創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)傳(chuan)(chuan)統生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)精髓(sui)(sui)與(yu)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)(gao)(gao)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。現(xian)代(dai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的核心支撐是(shi)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)。要(yao)充(chong)分認清(qing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)需求與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)方向，既(ji)要(yao)注重挖(wa)(wa)掘(jue)(jue)傳(chuan)(chuan)統生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)精髓(sui)(sui)，又要(yao)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，并(bing)進(jin)一步集(ji)成創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)。傳(chuan)(chuan)統生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)特點是(shi)精耕細作，重視資源環境與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統的保護(hu)，缺(que)點是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產規(gui)模小、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)低(di)、抵(di)御(yu)自然(ran)災(zai)害能力(li)差(cha)。因(yin)此，要(yao)在(zai)挖(wa)(wa)掘(jue)(jue)傳(chuan)(chuan)統生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)精髓(sui)(sui)的基(ji)礎上，采用現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)彌補其缺(que)陷，使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉變成現(xian)代(dai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)而，用現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)優化傳(chuan)(chuan)統生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)簡單拿來(lai)，而是(shi)根據生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的不(bu)(bu)同類(lei)型進(jin)行集(ji)成，屬(shu)于一種創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)過程，這樣才能使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)真正具有現(xian)代(dai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內涵(han)。

　　其三，以適度規模經營(ying)提升(sheng)生(sheng)態(tai)農業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)效益(yi)(yi)。農業(ye)(ye)適度規模經營(ying)可以促進規范化生(sheng)產(chan)，不斷降低單位(wei)生(sheng)產(chan)成本，不斷提高經營(ying)主體的(de)(de)效益(yi)(yi)總(zong)量，彌(mi)補傳統生(sheng)態(tai)農業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)不足。

　　其四，出臺現代(dai)高(gao)效生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)扶持政策。與一(yi)般(ban)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)模(mo)式相比，現代(dai)高(gao)效生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)具有(you)(you)更(geng)強的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)外部性，但同時(shi)也承(cheng)擔著更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)成本。換句話說，發(fa)展(zhan)現代(dai)高(gao)效生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)在短期內可(ke)(ke)能要面臨(lin)一(yi)些經濟上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)損失，比如(ru)使用(yong)環境友好型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)投入品和(he)操(cao)作規程(cheng)會(hui)增加(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)產成本，由(you)于市場機(ji)制還不夠(gou)完善，其產品的(de)(de)(de)真正(zheng)價值還無法通(tong)過現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)市場體系得以(yi)(yi)實現。在這種情況下，生(sheng)(sheng)產者(zhe)往往缺少發(fa)展(zhan)這種模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力和(he)激勵。彌補的(de)(de)(de)辦法就是實施扶持政策。比如(ru)，對(dui)維護(hu)產地(di)優良(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境、使用(yong)綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)資、采用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)循環模(mo)式給予(yu)補貼等。同時(shi)，還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)采取推動(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)認證等方式方法，使生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品的(de)(de)(de)價值可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過市場得以(yi)(yi)充(chong)分實現，從而激勵生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)模(mo)式的(de)(de)(de)推廣。